YESUS KRISTUS ADALAH TUHAN

1. Etimologi :


Dalam Alkitab terjemahan LAI: Kata "Tuhan" dengan huruf "T" kapital diterjemahkan dari kata Ibrani אָדוֹן - 'ADON, 'âlef-dâlet-vâv-nûn dan kata אֲדֹנָי - 'ADONAY, 'âlef-dâlet-nûn-yõd. Kata ini di samping bermakna Tuhan, juga berarti tuan, majikan, induk semang, bahasa kerennya "boss".

Kata אֲדֹנָי - 'ADONAY sepadan dengan kata Yunani untuk κυριος - KURIOS. Bahasa Inggris (King James Version) menerjemahkannya dengan Lord dan lord. Dalam bahasa jawa 'Gusti'. κυριος - KURIOS adalah salah satu gelar Yesus Kristus, yang dalam Alkitab Perjanjian Baru diterjemahkan khusus untuk Yesus Kristus dengan kata Indonesia "Tuhan". Pengucapan Tuhan Yesus Kristus dalam bahasa Yunani adalah 'kurios iêsous khristos', dalam bahasa Ibrani disebut "'adonâi yehõshûa' hamashiakh" atau "rebbe melekh hamoshiakh yehõshua'".

Kata κυριος - KURIOS berasal dari kata "κυρος - KUROS", supremasi, keunggulan; dan kata κυριος - KURIOS itu ditujukan kepada pribadi yang memiliki orang atau benda sehingga pribadi itu memiliki kuasa untuk mengatur orang atau benda yang menjadi miliknya.


Berikut ini macam-macam penjelasan makna "kurios" dari beberapa Kamus Yunani :


Sumber: Online Bible Greek Lexicon :

KURIOS, from KUROS (supremacy); noun masculine

Authorized Version - Lord 667, lord 54, master 11, sir 6, Sir 6, misc
4; 748 words

1) he to whom a person or thing belongs, about which he has power of deciding; master, lord
1a) the possessor and disposer of a thing
1a1) the owner; one who has control of the person, the master
1a2) in the state: the sovereign, prince, chief, the Roman emperor1b) is a title of honour expressive of respect and reverence, with which servants greet their master
1c) this title is given to: God, the Messiah


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Sumber:
A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature, Third Edition, Revised and Edited by Frederick William Danker, © 2000 The University of Chicago.


KURIOS, KURIA, KURION, adverb from KURIOS. The primary meaning relates to possession of power or authority, in various senses: strong, authoritative, valid, ruling; then to that which is preeminently important principal, essential.

KURIOS, KURIOU, KURIÔ (the masculine form of the substantive adjective KURIOS, feminine KURIA), generally lord, master.

1. one who is in charge by virtue of possession, owner, of one who has come of age and controls his own property.
a. of things with impersonal object: KURIOS TOU AMPELÔNOS, owner of the vineyard; KURIOS TÊS OIKIAS, the master of the house. The meaning owner
easily passes into that of lord, master, one who has full control of something: TOU KURIOU TOU THERISMOU OPHÔS, the Lord of the harvest; KURIOS TOU SABBATOU, Lord of the Sabbath.
b. with a personal object: opposed to DOULOS. HO KURIOS TOU DOULOU, the lord of that servant.
2. one who is in a position of authority, lord, master
a. of earthly beings, as a designation of any persons of high position: of husband in constrast to wife; of father by his son; of an official in high position, by those who have dealings with him.
b. of transcendent beings
c. as adesignation of God where it frequently replaces the name YHVH in the Masoretic Text. Without the article, like a personal name: AGGELOS KURIOU, DOXA KURIOU, DOULÊ KURIOS, NOMOS KURIOS, TO ONOMA KURIOS, PNEUMA KURIOS, TO RHÊMA KURIOS, PHÔNÊ KURIOS, KHEIR KURIOS, HO KRISTOS KURIOU.
d. With the sphere of his lordship more definitely expressed KURIOS TOU OURANOU KAI TÊS GÊS, Lord of heaven and earth; KURION TÔN KURIEUONTÔN, Lord of lords; KURIOS HO THEOS, The Lord God; KURIOS HO THEOS ISRAÊL, the Lord God of Israeli.
e. Closely connected with the custom of applying the term KURIOS to deities is that of honoring (deified) rulers with the same title.
f. KURIOS is also used in reference to Jesus.
g. In Old Testament quotations, where it is understood of the Lord of the new community,
h. Apart from Old Testament quotation, Matthew and Marks speak Jesus as KURIOS only in one passive (words of Jesus himself), but they record that he was addressed as KURIE. Luke refers to Jesus much more frequently as HO KURIOS.
i. Even in the passages already mentioned the use of the word KURIOS raises Jesus above the human level.
j. In some places it is not clear whether God or Christ is meant, Acts 9:31; 1 Corinthians 4:19, etc.
k. Of other transcendent beings;
l. An angel
m. In contrast to the one KURIOS of the Christians there are THEOI POLLOI KAI KURIOI POLLOI, many gods and many lords.


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Sumber:
Shorter Lexicon of the Greek New Testament, F. Wilbur Gingrich, © 1983 The University of Chicago

KURIOS, KURIOU, KURIÔ, lord, Lord, master

1. generally:
a. owner, master, lord, one who has full control of someting
b. as a respectful designation used in addressing persons of varying sosial or political rank, often equivalent to our sir
2. in specialized usage:
a. as a designation of God
b. as a designation of the Roman emperor
c. as a designation of Jesus Christ, with emphasis on his authority and frequently in contract to DOULOS. Because of the editorial interests of the evangelists it is difficult to determine the precise level of social recognition or status awareness in reported dialogue.
d. In some passages it is not clear whether God or Christ is meant
e. as designation of a divine messenger
f. in general of beings or persons who elicit devotion appropriate to deity (deities).


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Alkitab sering menggunakan 'lawan kata' dalam menjelaskan makna suatu kata. Jika kita tidak memahami kata "gelap", tetapi memahami kata "terang", maka dengan mengatakan bahwa "gelap" adalah lawan dari "terang", maka kita akan mendapat pemahaman itu. Demikian pula "murid" vs "guru"; "laki-laki" vs "perempuan"; "tua" vs "muda", dan seterusnya.

Perlu diketahui bahwa kata κυριος - KURIOS (Tuhan atau tuan) itu senantiasa dipertentangkan (antonym) dengan kata δουλος – DOULOS (hamba) sedangkan kata θεος – THEOS (Allah) senantiasa dipertentangkan (antonym) dengan ανθρωπος -ANTRÔPOS(manusia).


Lawan dari kata "Allah" (Ibrani: אל - 'EL, אלוה - 'ELOAH, dan אלהים - 'ELOHIM; Yunani: θεος – THEOS) adalah kata "manusia" dan/atau "dunia", dan lain-lain.

Kita perhatikan ayat-ayat dibawah ini :


* Hakim-hakim 9:13
Tetapi jawab pohon anggur itu kepada mereka: Masakan aku meninggalkan air buah anggurku, yang menyukakan hatiAllah (ELOHIM) dan manusia (ANASHIM), dan pergi melayang di atas pohon pohon?
KJV, And the vine said unto them, Should I leave my wine, which cheereth God and man, and go to be promoted over the trees?
Hebrew
וַתֹּאמֶר לָהֶם הַגֶּפֶן הֶחֳדַלְתִּי אֶת־תִּירֹושִׁי הַֽמְשַׂמֵּחַ אֱלֹהִים וַאֲנָשִׁים וְהָלַכְתִּי לָנוּעַ עַל־הָעֵצִֽים׃
Translit, VATO'MER LAHEM HAGEFEN HEKHODALTI 'ET-TIROSYI HAMESAME'AKH 'ELOHIM VA''ANASYIM VEHALAKHTI LANU'A 'AL-HA'ETSIM

* Kisah Para Rasul 24:16
Sebab itu aku senantiasa berusaha untuk hidup dengan hati nurani yang murni di hadapan Allah (theos) dan manusia(anthrôpos).
KJV, And herein do I exercise myself, to have always a conscience void to offence toward God, and toward men.
TR, εν τουτω δε αυτος ασκω απροσκοπον συνειδησιν εχειν προς τον θεον και τους ανθρωπους διαπαντος
Translit, en toutô de autos askô aproskopon suneidêsin ekhein pros ton theon kai tous anthrôpous diapantos



Lawan dari kata "Tuhan" dan "tuan" (Ibrani: אֲדֹנָי - 'ADONAY ; Yunani: κυριος - KURIOS ) adalah "hamba". Jadi, yang dimaksud dengan "Tuhan" adalah "bukan-hamba".

Kita perhatikan ayat-ayat dibawah ini :

* Maleakhi 1:6
Seorang anak (BEN) menghormati bapanya ('AV) dan seorang hamba ('EVED) menghormati tuannya ('ADÕN). Jika Aku ini bapa, di manakah hormat yang kepada-Ku itu? Jika Aku ini tuan, di manakah takut yang kepada-Ku itu? firman TUHAN semesta alam kepada kamu, hai para imam yang menghina nama-Ku. Tetapi kamu berkata: 'Dengan cara bagaimanakah kami menghina nama-Mu?'
KJV, A son honoureth his father, and a servant his master: if then I be a father, where is mine honour? and if I be a master, where is my fear? saith the LORD of hosts unto you, O priests, that despise my name. And ye say, Wherein have we despised thy name?
Hebrew
בֵּן יְכַבֵּד אָב וְעֶבֶד אֲדֹנָיו וְאִם־אָב אָנִי אַיֵּה כְבֹודִי וְאִם־אֲדֹונִים אָנִי אַיֵּה מֹורָאִי אָמַר ׀ יְהוָה צְבָאֹות לָכֶם הַכֹּֽהֲנִים בֹּוזֵי שְׁמִי וַאֲמַרְתֶּם בַּמֶּה בָזִינוּ אֶת־שְׁמֶֽךָ׃
Translit, BEN YEKHABED 'AV VE'EVED 'ADONAV VE'IM-'AV 'ANI 'AYEH KHEVODI VE'IM-'ADONIM 'ANI 'AYEH MORAY 'AMAR YEHOVAH (dibaca: 'Adonay) TSEVA'OT LAKHEM HAKOHANIM BOZEY SYEMI VA'AMARTEM BAMEH VAZINU 'ET-SYEMEKHA

* Matius 10:24
"Seorang murid ('mathêtês') tidak lebih dari pada gurunya ('didaskalos'), atau seorang hamba ('doulos') dari padatuannya ('kurios')."
KJV, The disciple is not above his master, nor the servant above his lord.
TR, ουκ εστιν μαθητης υπερ τον διδασκαλον ουδε δουλος υπερ τον κυριον αυτου
Translit, ouk estin mathêtês huper ton didaskalon oude doulos huper ton kurion autou



Bentuk lain panggilan "κυριος - KURIOS"

Istilah lainnya yang penuh penghormatan adalah κυριε – KURIE, bentuk panggilan (vocative) dari κυριος - KURIOS.

Singular
nominative: κύριος - KURIOS
genitive: κυρίου - KURIOU
dative: κυρίῳ - KURIÔ
accusative: κύριον - KURION
vocative: κύριε - KURIE


Dalam kitab-kitab Injil barangkali kata κυριε – KURIE ini adalah padanan kata Aram "RABBI" atau "MARI" (Tuanku), yang dipakai sebagai gelar yang mengandung penghormatan besar :

* Matius 8:2
Maka datanglah seorang yang sakit kusta kepada-Nya, lalu sujud menyembah Dia dan berkata: "Tuan, jika Tuan mau, Tuan dapat mentahirkan aku.
KJV, And, behold, there came a leper and worshipped him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean.
TR, και ιδου λεπρος ελθων προσεκυνει αυτω λεγων κυριε εαν θελης δυνασαι με καθαρισαι
Translit, kai idou lepros elthôn prosekunei autô legôn kurie ean thelês dunasai me katharisai

* Matius 8:8
Tetapi jawab perwira itu kepada-Nya: "Tuan, aku tidak layak menerima Tuan di dalam rumahku, katakan saja sepatah kata, maka hambaku itu akan sembuh
KJV, The centurion answered and said, Lord, I am not worthy that thou shouldest come under my roof: but speak the word only, and my servant shall be healed.
TR, και αποκριθεις ο εκατονταρχος εφη κυριε ουκ ειμι ικανος ινα μου υπο την στεγην εισελθης αλλα μονον ειπε λογον και ιαθησεται ο παις μου
Translit, kai apokritheis ho ekatontarchos ephê kurie ouk eimi ikanos ina mou hupo tên stegên eiselthês alla monon eipe logon kai iathêsetai ho pais mou


Panggilan κυριε – KURIE tersebut merujuk kepada Yesus sebagai "Guru" yang patut dihormati, ada kalanya Yesus disapa dengan cara ini karena Ia mempunyai kuasa ajaib. Dan perhatikan terjemahan KJV, menterjemahkannya dengan "Lord" dengan awalan huruf kapital, yang bermakna "Tuhan".